System of farming

The system of farming refers to the organisation setup under which farm is being run. It involves like who is the owner of land, whether resources are used jointly or individually and who make managerial decision.

                             System of farming which are based upon different organisation setup may be classified into five broad categories:-

• Capitalistic farming.
• state farming.
• Collective farming.
• Peasant farming.
• Cooperative farming.

1. Capitalistic farming:- Capitalistic farming is the system of farming in which the land is held in large areas by private capitalist, corporations, capital is supplied by one or few person or many in which it run like a joint stock company. In such farm the unit of organisation is large and the work is carried on with hired labor, latest technical know how is used and extensive use of machines are made and hence they are frequently found in U.S.A, Australia, Canada, and few in India too. such type of farms have been organised in the state of Bombay, Madras, Mysore for the plantation of coffee, tea, rubber and sugarcane. The advantages of such farming system are good supervision, strong organisation, sufficient resources. Their weakness are that is creates socioeconomic imbalances. At the actual cultivated is not the owner of the farm .

2. State farming:- State farming is the system of farming in which land is managed by the government . Here land is owned by the government official. The state performs the function of risk bearing and decision making. Which cultivation is carried on with the help of hired labor. All the labor are hire on daily or monthly basis. As they have no right in deciding the farm policy. Such farm are not very paying because of lack of inserting. There is no dearth of resources as such farms. But sometimes it so happen that they are not available at time and utilized fully.

3. Collective farming:- The name collective farming implies the collective management of land, where in large numbers of families or villager in the same village pool their resources. for example land, livestock, machinery. The resources do not belong to any family or farmer but to the society or collective. Collective farming has in too much prominence and has been adopt via some countries via the Russia and China. The worse think with this system is that the individual has no voice. The farming is done generally on large scale and there by is mostly recognized is system is not prevalent in our country.

4. Peasant farming:- This system of farming refer to type of organisation in which individual cultivator is the owner, manager and organizer of the land. He makes decision and plans for his farm depending upon his resources which are generally comprising to the other system of the farming. The biggest advantage of this system is that the farming himself is the owner and therefore free to take all type of decision. A general weakness of this system is that the resources with the individual are less, another difficulty of this system is law of inheritance and individual holding goes on reducing as all the member in the family have equal rights in that land.

5. Cooperative farming:- Cooperative farming is a voluntarily organisation in which  small farms and land less laborer increases their income by pooling land resources. According to planning commission cooperative farming necessarily implies pooling of land and joint management.The working group on cooperative farming define a cooperative society as a voluntary association of farm for better utilization pf resources including men power and pooled land and in which majority of members participate in farm operations with a view to increasing agricultural production, employment and income. There are four types of cooperative farming :-

• Cooperative better farming.
• Cooperative joint farming.
• Cooperative tenant farming.
• Cooperative collective farming.

1. Cooperative better farming:- These societies are based on individual ownership and individual operations. Farmers who have small holdings and limited resources joint to form a society for some specific purpose for example use of machinery, sales of production product. They are organized with a view to introduce improved method of agriculture each farmer pays for the services which he receive from the society.

2. Cooperative joint farming:- A joint cooperative farming society comes into existence when the members pool their land and other productive assets and carry on all the pre-sowing the pooling and post harvesting functions besides the cultivation of the pooled land on cooperative basis. But in joint farming cultivation the ownership is individual but the operations are collective.

3. Cooperative tenant farming:-  Such societies usually organised by land less farmer in this system usually land belong to the society the land is divided into the plots which are leased out for cultivation individual member. The society arranges for agricultural requirement for example credit, seeds, manure, marketing of the produce etc. Each member is responsible to the society for the payment of rent on his plot. He is at liberty to depose of his produce in such a manner as he lies.

4.Cooperative collective farming:- Both ownership opening under this system is collective member do not have any right on land and they cannot take farming decision independently what are guided by a supreme body. It undertake joint cultivation for which all members pool their resources. Profit is distributed according to the labor and capital invested by the member.